Assignment 1: A fight with Death; Phalura

Assignment 1Course: Language Description and Preservation
Assignment Title: Endangered Languages
A Fight with Death; Dying Language: PhaluraSubmitted by: Shagufta Mumtaz
Submitted to: Sir Akhter Aziz
　
M. Phil English Linguistics
　
　
　
PhaluraThis language is also known as Palūla, Palola, Dangarīk, Palula, Phalulo, Dangarik, Biyori, Dardu.
Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern ZoneCode Authority: ISO 639-3Language Code: phlPopulation: 10,000 (Liljegren 2008). Population of Ashret and Biori Valleys is almost completely monolingual (Liljegren 2008). L2 users: Used and understood by many other-tongue speakers in Badrugal and Kalkatak.Number of Speakers:
10,000 (2006) (Ethnologue)
8600 (UNESCO)
8600 (World Oral Literature Project)Location: North-West Frontier, Chitral district, lower east Chitral river, Ashret and Biori, 12 villages; some in main valley, Kalkatak, and Shishi Koh valley, Purigal; reportedly some in Dir Kohistan. Ashreti dialect: Ashret Valley; Northern Palula dialect: Biori Valley, Kalkatak, and Purigal.Parent Subgroup: Shina; Shina; Sina (shin) Child Dialects:
Ashreti (phl-ash)
Northern Phalura (phi-nor)
Dialects: Ashreti, Northern Palula. No, or limited, intelligibility of Kalkoti [xka] and Savi [sdg]. Lexical similarity: 92% with Ashreti and Northern Palula dialects, 56%–58% with Savi [sdg]fghanistan, 38%–42% with Kohistani Shina [plk]. Palula, Kalkoti [xka] (spoken in Dir Kohistan) and Savi [sdg] (spoken in Afghanistan) form a cluster of closely related varieties within the Shina group (Liljegren 2008).Language Use: Vigorous within Ashret and Biori valleys. Reluctant to use Palula when speakers of other languages are present. Home, community. All ages. Positive attitudes. Also use Khowar [khw], Northern Pashto [pbu].Language Development: 2-year mother-tongue multilingual education program (bridging from Palula to Urdu) now tested in two locations (2012). Taught in primary schools, but limited. Poetry. Dictionary. 　
Writing:
Arabic script [Arab]
Phonology:
VowelsThe following table sets out the vowels of Phalura.

Front

Central

Back

Close

i iː　u uː

Mid

e eː　o oː

Open

　a aː　Nasalization is found; however, it typically limited to vowels preceding sibilants and nasals and word finally.
ConsonantsThe consonant inventory of Phalura is shown in the chart below. The phonemic status of the voiceless aspirate and breathy voiced series are debatable. The breathy voiced series is generally considered lexical—a cluster of a consonant + /h/. Neither voiceless aspiration nor breathy voicing co-occur with /s ʂ ʃ ɳ ɽ/ or /x ɣ (f?)/ in a syllable onset.

Labial

Corinal

Retroflex

Palatal

Velar

Uvular

Glottal

Nasal

Voiced

m

n

ɳ

　　　　

Breathy Voiced

mʱ

nʱ

　　　　　

Stop

Voiceless

p

t

ʈ

　

k

(q [x])

　

Aspirated

pʰ

tʰ

ʈʰ

　

kʰ

　　

Voiced

b

d

ɖ

　

ɡ

　　

Breathy Voiced

bʱ

dʱ

ɖʱ

　

ɡʱ

　　

Affricate

Voiceless

　

ts

tʂ

tʃ

　　　

Aspirated

　

tsʰ

tʂʰ

tʃʰ

　　　

Fricative

Voiceless

f

s

ʂ

ʃ

x

　

h

Voiced

　

z

ʐ

ʒ

ɣ

　　

lateral

Voiced

　

l

　　　　　

Breathy Voiced

　

lʱ

　　　　　

Rhotic

Voiced

　

r

ɽ

　　　　

Breathy Voiced

　

rʱ

　　　　　

Semivowel

Voiced

　　　

j

w

　　

Breathy Voiced

　　　

jʱ

wʱ

　　　
ToneLike many Dardic languages, Palula shows either tone or, as in Palula, a pitch accent. Words may have only one accented mora, which is associated with high pitch; the remaining mora have a default or low pitch.
　
　
References:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palula_languagehttp://globalrecordings.net/en/langcode/phlhttp://globalrecordings.net/research/language/phlhttp://multitree.org/codes/phlhttps://www.ethnologue.com/language/phlhttp://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4965http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/palula/Palula-Phonology-Summary/palula-phonology-summary.htmhttp://www.sil.org/language/phl