Assignment # 1: Endangered Laguages in Pakistan (AER) and Assignment # 2: Comparison of an old testament of Urdu with modern Urdu

Submitted to:            

                                               Sir Akhtar Aziz

Submitted by:

                                                Asma Batool

Course Title:

                      Language description and preservation

M Phil English Linguistic 2^nd Semester

(Session: 2014-2016)

Assignment # 1:    Endangered Laguages in Pakistan

AER:

There are 26 Languages in Endagered in pakistan. Aer is an Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central Zone language spoken by 300 people in"Jikrio Goth around Deh 333, Hyderabad" Sindh, Pakistan. It has been classified as one of the Gujarati languages, but Ethnologue reports that the closest language is Koli, which is Sindhi. Lexical similarity 78% with Katai Meghwar and Kachi Bhil, both dialects of Kachi Koli [gjk], 75%–77% with the Rabari dialect of Kachi Koli [gjk], 76% with Kachi Koli [gjk]. All ages. Also use Sindhi [snd] (adult men for common topics). 100% of boys and 25% of girls attend Sindhi medium schools. Also use Western Punjabi [pnb](adult men of Jikrio Goth, only for common topics). Also use Gujarati [guj].

Literacy rate in language 15% in Sindhi. Writing style of the language in Arabic script [Arab]. Unusual interrogative word suggests possible historical connection with Western Rajasthani group. Speakers in Pakistan running out of marriage possibilities and may have to move to India. The Indian group is most influential. Other Aer people in Nawabshah, Sindh reportedly speak a different language, dress differently, and do not intermarry with this group. Hindu. Current Aer language status in Pakistan is 6b (Threatened).

Assignment # 2: Comparison of an old testament of Urdu with modern Urdu

Introduction of Urdu Language :

Urdu language, member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages. Urdu is spoken by more than 100 million people, predominantly in Pakistan. It is the official state language of Pakistan Urdu developed in the 12th century ce from the regional Apabhramsha of northwestern India, serving as a linguistic modus vivendi after the Muslim conquest. Its first major poet was Amir Khosrow (1253–1325), who composed dohas (couplets), folksongs, and riddles in the newly formed speech, then called Hindvi. This mixed speech was variously called Hindvi,

Language Change:

All languages change as speakers adopt or invent new ways of speaking and pass them on to other members of their speech community. Language change happens at all levels from the phonological level to the levels of vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and discourse.

Comparison of an old testament of Urdu with modern Urdu

The above mentioned selected poem has been written by Famous poet Amir khusrow. He was the poet 14^th century in the following there is the comparison of old urdu testament and modern urdu also mention there categories of changes.

Old testament of Urdu	In modern urdu	Changes Category
موہے	میرے	Lexical change
چندریا	چنریا	Orthographic & phonetics
دے	کے	Lexical change
پگڑیا	پگڑیاں	Orthographic & phonetics
تہارے	تمھارے	Lexical change
یمور	میری	Lexical change & orthographic
مورا	امیر	Lexical change

From the above comparison it is clearly observed that lot of changes have been done at different level from old Urdu to modern Urdu.